Wednesday, 16 December 2015
Animation
Saturday, 21 November 2015
Cinematography Development
This is a short video I made showing the various cinematography shots I can include in my own music video.
The shots I featured were:
1) Close up
2) Extreme Close Up
3)High angle
4) Low angle
5)Track
6) Tilt up
7)Tilt down
8)Pan
9) Eyeline match
10) Montage shot
11) Match on action
12) Establishing shot
The shots I featured were:
1) Close up
2) Extreme Close Up
3)High angle
4) Low angle
5)Track
6) Tilt up
7)Tilt down
8)Pan
9) Eyeline match
10) Montage shot
11) Match on action
12) Establishing shot
Thursday, 19 November 2015
Audience Research
Task 1- Demographics
Demographics:-What are demographics?
Demographics is where people are placed into different social classes relating to gender, age, education, subcultures (social and cultural consumption) geographical location and lifestyle.
Social demographic table:
What types of music are stereotyped to each social demographic? Why?
-Area A consists of the upper middle class with professional jobs. This implies they are relatively older and mature, therefore they may listen to artists such as The Beatles as they may not be too keen on modern pop music. Furthermore, they may have listened to such artists when they were younger and will feel more drawn towards that type of music; depending on their age and when they were born. However, as this area could have both males and females of the ages 20+, they could still enjoy pop music and artists such as Taylor Swift and Rihanna. In addition, due to the more sex, drink and drug related lyrics in today's music, people in this social class may feel uncomfortable due to their older age listening to such lyrics, therefore they don't listen to pop/rap music as much. Although people in the upper middle class may listen to classical music as that is generally stereotyped towards 'rich' people as they are labeled as enjoying musical instruments such as piano's and acoustic guitars etc.
-Area B is middle class and this is relatively similar to area A. Middle class may enjoy a range of music genres, however maybe not songs with vulgar language and lyrics due to their maturity. For example, this music video called 'Or Nah' by The Weeknd would maybe not be appealing to this social area because of the sexual nature of the lyrics and video. However, this may not be the case and they may enjoy listening to a range of music genres such as the rap genre.
-Area C1 is the lower middle class and again what was said for area's A and B can apply to area C1. They may be more socially aware of the trends of music and will enjoy listening to today's artists from a range of different music genres.
-Area C2 is the skilled working class and similar to area C1 they may be more socially aware of the genres of music that is more up to date and will have the technology to listen to these music.
-Area D is the working class and this could start from the age of 16, therefore the genre of music will be younger artists and more known genres of music such as pop, rap, indie rock, electronic dance music (EDM) They may be more in touch with music via the use of social networks such as Twitter and Facebook in which they can find new artists to consume. Furthermore, they may even subscribe to music services such as Spotify and Deezer to keep up to date with music.
-Area E is the casual/lowest grade workers and they may not be able to connect to new music as much as the other classes can, perhaps due to their poor pay (they may not have access to technology like phones, laptops, in order to consume the music they want.)
Task 2- Institution Profile
Task 3- Questionnaires: My survey:
https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/PZSRK5PResponses from my survey:
1:
From this response to my questions I can see that the person will perhaps fit into the D social demographic area due to the fact they're only 17 years of age. They may have a job of their own at his age, however they won't have a lot of money due to them still being in education and still living at home. Their gender is female and their preferred music genre is pop. I am not surprised by this response because lots of females enjoy listening to pop music and this verifies the point that pop music is a well dominated genre within the music industry. She would rather just listen to the song than watch the music video, which could mean she listens to music purely for the lyrics and not for visual pleasure, perhaps when doing other things such as work she will listen to music instead of watching it. She says she watches music videos via streaming on YouTube and I definitely expected this response as YouTube is one of the top streaming sites people turn to in order to consume music and other media products. This also emphasizes the social group they are in, as they may not be able to afford to waste their money on purchasing music when they can simply get it for free.
She buys physical copies of music which shows she'd rather be able to physically interact with what she's buying. She only listens to music videos a couple of times a week which suggests she isn't too bothered about viewing the music, but listening to it instead. In pop music videos she expects to see artists, different props/locations and bright colours and this clearly shows that she knows the typical conventions of music videos and through the mise en scene she can verify what genre it is. Her favorite artist is Ed Sheeran because she likes his music in general and this is a very popular artist among the pop genre, as he is very well known and featured in various media such as magazines, radio and social media. She may follow him and interact with him on social media to keep up with his new music and find other music she enjoys listening to because she uses the 3 big social media sites, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
Overall, these results are what I expected from a 17 year old female as they appear to stick to the stereotypes of what music a teenage girl likes to listen to.
Wednesday, 11 November 2015
Textual Analysis 2
Maddie and Tae- Girl in a Country Song
This song is of the country genre.
Analysis of the 'Girl in a Country Song' music video:
Cinematography:
-This image is a close up of one of the artists and it captures her thoughtful expression, as well as her blonde hair which is a stereotypical convention of females in the country genre.
-This is another close up of the other artist in the video which shows her appearance and the guitar she is playing.
-This image is a close up of one of the artists and it captures her thoughtful expression, as well as her blonde hair which is a stereotypical convention of females in the country genre.
-This is another close up of the other artist in the video which shows her appearance and the guitar she is playing.
-The longshot of a woman on the farm shows the crops around her. However, with the lyrics, the girls are been seen as objects- this longshot signifies that they are making fun of country songs when girls are shown as sexual objects, not normal people.
Sound:
-When the girls are singing you can automatically tell that the genre of the video is country due to their southern accents, overall summing up the genre straight away.-The diegetic sound of the guitar also reinforces the country genre throughout the music video, as guitars are a typical convention of the country genre.
-When they are sining they mention 'Redneck crazy' and a Redneck is a working-class white person from the southern US, therefore this again highlights the country genre as you generally associate a southern accent with the country genre.
Editing:
-There's fast cuts between the two girls in different locations, which is a typical convention of a country song as fast editing is often present. Both of these editing techniques reinforces the country genre as the first image shows the farm in the background and the haystacks and them sitting in the pickup truck, and the second image shows the guitar, a major convention of the country genre.
Mise en scene:
-The location is a farm and this is easily recognisable by the stable/barn shown throughout the video using country conventions, such as haystacks.
-The outfits the males are wearing clearly show the country theme and the overall genre of the music video. They are wearing cowboy hats and checkered shirts, items that people usually relate to the country genre.
-The pickup truck is also another prop that is related to the country genre.
-Blonde hair on females of the country music genre is a typical stereotype that this music video conforms to.
-The prop of the guitar is another convention of the country genre, making it clear to the audience the genre of the video.
-The prop of the juice in the bottle on a tray in the image below could also relate to the country genre, as some people who own farms make their own produce from what they grow/make on the farm.
The cinematography techniques used help the audience to understand what genre the music video is. For example, close ups allow the audience to see the appearance of the two artists and due to stereotyping, the genre can be easily identified. The two artists have blonde hair and are seen with acoustic guitars, a usual stereotyped that is linked to the country genre. Furthermore, the long shots also allow the location to be seen and also see more than one person in the shot, allowing the costume to be seen. The hay-bales in the background gives the impression they are on a farm, further highlighting the country genre of the music video. In addition to this, the long shots allow the costume to be shown; checkered shirts and cowboy hats and boots, concluding the country genre overall. -The location is a farm and this is easily recognisable by the stable/barn shown throughout the video using country conventions, such as haystacks.
-The outfits the males are wearing clearly show the country theme and the overall genre of the music video. They are wearing cowboy hats and checkered shirts, items that people usually relate to the country genre.
-The pickup truck is also another prop that is related to the country genre.
-Blonde hair on females of the country music genre is a typical stereotype that this music video conforms to.
-The prop of the guitar is another convention of the country genre, making it clear to the audience the genre of the video.
-The prop of the juice in the bottle on a tray in the image below could also relate to the country genre, as some people who own farms make their own produce from what they grow/make on the farm.
Overall:
The sound techniques used allos us to recognise the genre of the video. Their accents have a southern twang which is a typical stereotype that country people are associated with. The diegetic sound of the acoustic guitar reinforces the genre as usually this instrument is linked to the country genre. The word choices in the lyrics further enhance the fact this video is of the country genre due to the "Redneck crazy" part in the song, as a Redneck is described as a working class person from the southern US, linking to the country genre.
The editing used are cuts to link the shots together and they are often quite fast paced showing the two girls in different locations, in a house and then outside and also the other two girls shown in the video as a sort of mockery of the country genre. The cuts allow the genre to be verified, as it is the major role in portraying the narrative clearly, which in turn allows people to understand what genre the video is.
The mise-en-scene used are very significant in portraying the country genre. The costumes sum up the genre clearly due to the knee high boots the girls are wearing and the cowboy boots, checkered shirts and cowboy hats the males are wearing. All of these have stereotypes of being linked to the country genre, as it is what people expect to see if people live in the country/are from the southern US. In addition to this, the location of the farm and the crops surrounding the farm highlights the country genre as these are automatically related to country themes. Furthermore, the prop of the acoustic guitar clearly shows the genre because it is an instrument used in lots of country music videos and films, which is why people associate acoustic guitars to the country genre through the use of these medias.
Textual Analysis 1
Catfish and The Bottlemen- Cocoon
Catfish and the Bottlemen are an indie/alternative rock band.
Analysis of the 'Cocoon' Music video:
Cinematography:-This ariel shot is interesting as it seems to create a sense of distortion from the angle and height it is at; as though the main character is feeling a negative way about something or they're deep in thought.
-This extreme long shot shows the arrival of the male character which matches the lyrics, "I remember when we swapped names..." This long shot allows the other 2 people to be seen. However, the rule of thirds allows the main character to be seen clearly as he is in the middle, between the two others, signifying his importance. Again, the shot also allows clothing to be seen, making the genre more clear, as they're not wearing bright clothing which relates to the stereotypical dark genre of indie/rock.
-This two shot shows that the two of them are finally together. Although they don't seem to be in a very happy, bright place which again could relate to the indie/rock genre, as in pop videos there are usually bright places and mise en scene to reflect the genre, whereas for this genre the colours are quite washed out and bleak, also reflecting the dark narrative.
Sound:
-The non-diegetic sound of the drums and an electric guitar signifies the genre of the music video very early on, as these musical instruments are typical conventions of the indie/alternative rock genre.
-The lyrics match what is on screen, as he is singing about the girl as he sees her, and what is happening in the narrative describes what is being heard through the lyrics. "Rest on me..." matches the image below, where the girl is seen resting on his shoulder.
Editing:
-The editing is quite slow at times, signifying that time could be running out for the main character to take action, maybe to save the girl or escape from the place they're in.
-Eyeline match from the main male character to the girl, showing there is something going on between the two, and it also clearly suggests that the lyrics are about her.
-At the end of the video there is a cut from a two shot of the two main characters in the music video, to a close up of them holding hands. The girl is wearing a red top which has connotations of love, signifying that they love each other and will stop at nothing to be together.
Mise en scene:
-Through the costume of the main male character, we can see that he's not wearing bright colours which also conveys the genre, as this particular genre stereotypes that they wear dark clothing.-The costume of the woman in the image below is all white and she is wearing a white hat which has connotations of a nurse or it is what someone would wear in a mental institution. This is quite a serious theme in terms of mentality, which also reflects the indie rock genre, because it wouldn't match pop music videos as those are usually cheery and happy or even a love song focusing on less serious themes.
Overall:
Overall, this music video reflects the indie/rock genre due to mise en scene, cinematography, editing and sound. To extend each points further, the mise en scene used is very dull and dark, a typical convention of this genre. Their clothing isn't revealing which is also typical of this genre. Other genre's such as pop music videos have their artists/characters wearing revealing clothing which also relates to Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory; that they're only there for the viewing pleasure of others, sexualising them as things and not people. Whereas indie/rock music videos tend to have a narrative and plot surrounding their videos, such as this one by Catfish and the Bottlemen, where the only thing that is being focused on is the plot itself and the people acting to portray the narrative as good as possible.
The sound used is a clear representation of the indie/rock genre due to the drums and electric guitars. In my second analysis I am analysing a country music video and in that video there is an acoustic guitar to signify the country genre and in this video the electric guitar clearly sets the two videos apart and shows the difference between them-as acoustic guitars are typically for country/soft songs and drums and electric guitars are usually used for the rock genre. If an acoustic guitar was used in this video instead of an electric guitar, then the genre wouldn't be as recognisable and the narrative wouldn't be as strong and easy to follow. This shows that musical instruments in music videos are vital in portraying the genre clearly.
The editing used are usually cuts from one shot to another in order to portray what the lyrics are saying to link to a particular shot. Some are fast paced which could be to emphasise the anger that the main characters are feeling as they can't be together and keep getting judged by everyone. The cuts that link the shots together also shows the closeness between the two characters and show that they like each other a lot.
The cinematography used helps convey the narrative of them not being allowed to be together. The long shots show the other people in the way of the 2 main characters. The two shots with the two main characters represent their closeness and their fondness of each other and the fun times they had, even if there wasn't that many because they couldn't be together much. Each shot conveys the relationships between everyone in the video.
The editing used are usually cuts from one shot to another in order to portray what the lyrics are saying to link to a particular shot. Some are fast paced which could be to emphasise the anger that the main characters are feeling as they can't be together and keep getting judged by everyone. The cuts that link the shots together also shows the closeness between the two characters and show that they like each other a lot.
The cinematography used helps convey the narrative of them not being allowed to be together. The long shots show the other people in the way of the 2 main characters. The two shots with the two main characters represent their closeness and their fondness of each other and the fun times they had, even if there wasn't that many because they couldn't be together much. Each shot conveys the relationships between everyone in the video.
Conventions of Form and Genre
Conventions of form:Various forms in media have certain conventions that allow us to recognise the genre of a product. For example, mise en scene, cinematography, sound and editing techniques help us to understand a particular genre.
Pop Genre:
Mise en scene-
1- Bright, fashionable clothes such as dresses, short skirts, revealing clothing. Makeup is usually subtle, although many pop artists wear bright lipstick to add colour to their video and relate to the genre of their video.
2-Pop video locations are usually related to the lyrics in the video and pop videos are usually performance, not abstract.
3- The lighting is usually light to convey a happy emotion which reflects the artists personality, however often dark lighting is used to convey a sad theme which matches the lyrics.
4- There are a wide range of props in pop videos such as motorbikes, desks and chairs to portray an office location, and weapons such as guns in Taylor Swift's Bad Blood music video.
Nicki Minaj's makeup and hair in her video 'Superbass' is bright and colourful which reflects the pop genre.
Cinematography-
1- Close up shots to show the character/artist and to convey emotion.
2-Fast paced shots such as pans and tracks,
3-Long shots which show the artists outfit or a particular location
Rihanna's video 'Stay' uses close ups to convey her emotions throughout the video.
Editing-
1-Cross cuts to link the shots together in a fluid way.
2-There are lots of effects in post production such as sound effects and visual effects. In the Bad Blood music video there is a lot of editing towards the end, there are fake flames engulfing Taylor and her group as they meet their enemies, signifying their fiery relationship and the danger they're walking in to.
Sound-
1-Diegetic sound for performance pop videos, when the artist is shown on screen singing, matching the lyric timing.
-Sound effects editing during post production such as doors slamming to signify the action shown in the video, for example, if a pop artist is creating a sad music video, a door slamming in the background may be edited on in post production to make this more significant.
Monday, 9 November 2015
Wednesday, 4 November 2015
Lyric Analysis: Adele- Hello
Adele- Hello
[Verse 1]
Hello, it's me
I was wondering if after all these years
You'd like to meet, to go over
Everything
They say that time's supposed to heal ya
But I ain't done much healing
Hello, can you hear me?
I'm in California dreaming about who we used to be
When we were younger and free
I've forgotten how it felt before the world fell at our feet
[Pre-Chorus 1]
There's such a difference between us
And a million miles
[Chorus]
Hello from the other side
I must've called a thousand times to tell you
I'm sorry, for everything that I've done
But when I call you never seem to be home
Hello from the outside
At least I can say that I've tried to tell you
I'm sorry, for breaking your heart
But it don't matter, it clearly doesn't tear you apart anymore
[Verse 2]
Hello, how are you?
It's so typical of me to talk about myself
I'm sorry, I hope that you're well
Did you ever make it out of that town
Where nothing ever happened?
[Pre-Chorus 2]
It's no secret
That the both of us are running out of time
[Chorus]
Hello from the other side
I must've called a thousand times to tell you
I'm sorry, for everything that I've done
But when I call you never seem to be home
Hello from the outside
At least I can say that I've tried to tell you
I'm sorry, for breaking your heart
But it don't matter, it clearly doesn't tear you apart anymore
[Bridge]
Ooooohh, anymore
Ooooohh, anymore
Ooooohh, anymore
Anymore
[Chorus]
Hello from the other side
I must've called a thousand times to tell you
I'm sorry, for everything that I've done
But when I call you never seem to be home
Hello from the outside
At least I can say that I've tried to tell you
I'm sorry, for breaking your heart
But it don't matter, it clearly doesn't tear you apart anymore
Possible plots surrounding these lyrics:
-The whole plot surrounding Adele- Hello could be that she is singing about an old lover and they ended badly and she wants to make amends now and get rid of any guilt she may be feeling. She say's she's sorry a lot, "I'm sorry, for everything that I've done", so it implies it's her fault and she caused this or pushed him away, therefore she feels bad and wants to finally get things off her chest and resolve things.
-The song could be aimed at herself; she wants to reconnect with herself. So in the opening lines of "Hello," Adele greets someone. "Hello, it's me/ I was wondering/ If after all these years/ You'd like to meet/ To go over everything," she sings. Taking "Hello" as a song addressed to herself, these lines become about a woman looking to rediscover who she is after years of not knowing. In the chorus, Adele says hello from two different places: "the outside" and "the other side." The former would seem to refer not to location, but to thinking a bit beyond herself to better understand who she is now. The latter is similar — it's about a woman who lived through a very difficult relationship, as detailed in 21, and the influx of fame and came out on "the other side" of it.
In the song, Adele sings about calling someone at home "a thousand times." Adele could be trying to connect to herself, but her it never worked in the past.
-"Hello" is not a literal song. The "million miles" she says separates her from the person she's addressing aren't physical — they're emotional.
Monday, 2 November 2015
Media Language
Media Language
•Every medium has its own ‘language’
– or combination of languages – that it uses to communicate meaning.
Television, for example, uses verbal and written language as well as the
languages of moving images and sound.
•We call these ‘languages’ because they use familiar codes and conventions that are generally understood.
•Media messages are constructed using a creative language with its own rules. Each form of communication-- whether newspapers, TV game shows or horror movies-- has its own creative language: scary music heightens fear, camera close-ups convey intimacy, big headlines signal significance.
•Understanding the grammar, syntax and metaphor system of media language, especially the language of sounds and visuals which can reach beyond the rational to our deepest emotional core, increases our appreciation and enjoyment of media experiences as well as helps us to be less susceptible to manipulation.
How does this apply to Bad Blood?
How does this apply to Bad Blood?
How does this apply to Bad Blood?
•Roman
Jakobson
(1956), and later Claude
Levi-Strauss, emphasized
that meaning arises from the differences
between signifiers; these differences are of two kinds: syntagmatic (concerning positioning) and paradigmatic (concerning substitution).
•We call these ‘languages’ because they use familiar codes and conventions that are generally understood.
•Media messages are constructed using a creative language with its own rules. Each form of communication-- whether newspapers, TV game shows or horror movies-- has its own creative language: scary music heightens fear, camera close-ups convey intimacy, big headlines signal significance.
•Understanding the grammar, syntax and metaphor system of media language, especially the language of sounds and visuals which can reach beyond the rational to our deepest emotional core, increases our appreciation and enjoyment of media experiences as well as helps us to be less susceptible to manipulation.
Semiotics
•According to philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (1931), “we think only in signs” .•Signs take the form of words, images, sounds, odours, flavours, acts or objects, but such things have no intrinsic meaning and become signs only when we invest them with meaning.
•“Nothing
is a sign unless it is interpreted as a sign” (Peirce, 1931).
•Anything can be a sign as long as
someone interprets it as 'signifying' something - referring to or standing
for something other than itself. We
interpret things as signs largely unconsciously by relating them to familiar
systems of conventions. It is this meaningful use of signs which is at the
heart of the concerns of semiotics.
•Linguist Ferdinand
de Saussure (1974) offered a 'dyadic' or two-part
model of the sign. He defined a sign as being composed of:
•a
'signifier' (signifiant) - the form which the sign takes;
•and
the
'signified' (signifié) - the concept it represents.
Charles
Sanders Pierce (1931) – Three types of sign..
•Icon/iconic: a mode in which the signifier is
perceived as resembling or imitating the signified
(recognizably looking, sounding, feeling, tasting or smelling like it) - being
similar in possessing some of its qualities: e.g. a portrait, a cartoon, a
scale-model, onomatopoeia, metaphors, 'realistic' sounds in 'programme music',
sound effects in radio drama, a dubbed film soundtrack, imitative gestures;
How does this apply to Bad Blood?
There are particular icons that signify Taylor Swift's character in Bad Blood. For example, the costumes she wears have icon references to other films such as The 5th Element. This is recognisable via the white costume and orange wig she wears, as she looks the same as the character in the film.(Michael Shore's theory recycled style)
•Index/indexical: a mode in which the signifier is not
arbitrary but is directly
connected in some way (physically or
causally) to the signified - this link can be observed or inferred: e.g. 'natural
signs' (smoke, thunder, footprints,
echoes, non-synthetic odours and flavours), medical symptoms (pain,
a rash, pulse-rate), measuring
instruments (weathercock, thermometer, clock,
spirit-level).
How does this apply to Bad Blood?
The signs of fire and flames towards the end of the Bad Blood music video relates to the index/indexical 2nd sign Charles Sanders states. The flames engulfing the area behind Taylor and her friends as they're walking to confront the others signifies the danger they're going into, as fire has connotations of death and red has connotations of blood and anger.
•Symbol/symbolic: a mode in which the signifier
does not resemble the signified but which
is fundamentally arbitrary or purely conventional - so that
the relationship must be learnt: e.g. language in general (plus specific
languages, alphabetical letters, punctuation marks, words, phrases and
sentences), numbers, morse code, traffic lights, national
flags.
How does this apply to Bad Blood?
Denotation, connotation and myth
•In semiotics, denotation and
connotation are terms describing the relationship between the signifier and its
signified, and an analytic distinction is made between two types of signifieds: a denotative
signified and a connotative
signified. Meaning includes both denotation
and connotation.
•As Roland Barthes (1967) noted, Saussure's model of the sign
focused on denotation at the expense of connotation and it was left to
subsequent theorists (notably Barthes himself) to offer an account of this
important dimension of meaning .
•Barthes
(1977) argued that in photography
connotation can be (analytically) distinguished from denotation.
•As John Fiske (1982) puts
it
“denotation is what is photographed, connotation is how it is photographed”. Link to Barthes’ editing at stage
of production we discussed.
•Related to connotation is what
Roland Barthes (1977) refers to as myth. For Barthes myths were the
dominant ideologies of our time. The 1st and 2nd
orders of signification called denotation and connotation combine to produce
ideology - which has been described as a third order of signification by Fiske and Hartley (1982).
Paradigms and Syntagms
•Roman
Jakobson
(1956), and later Claude
Levi-Strauss, emphasized
that meaning arises from the differences
between signifiers; these differences are of two kinds: syntagmatic (concerning positioning) and paradigmatic (concerning substitution).
•In film and television, paradigms
include ways of changing shot (such as cut, fade, dissolve and wipe). The
medium or genre are also paradigms, and particular media texts derive meaning
from the ways in which the medium and genre used differs from the alternatives.
•Evaluating media
language is an evaluation of all the
micro elements and how they have created meaning to inform us about genre,
narrative, representations/ ideology, targeting of audiences (through micro elements).•This
therefore requires us to use semiotic terminology to explain our encoding of elements and codes and conventions within
our texts.•We must also remember to discuss
the preferred
meaning (Hall, 1980) that
we wanted our audience to
DECODE based on what we ENCODED - could
link to readings.
1.Location - settings, set-design and iconography
2.Character – Costume, Properties and Make Up, Actors and Gesture
3.Cinematography - Lighting and Colour
4.Layout and Page Design – colour, juxtaposition of elements.
Camerawork
•There are Four aspects to camerawork that you need to understand:
1.Shot Types – particularly relevant for print.2.Camera Composition
3.Camera Movement4.Camera Angles
•Link to Propp (1928)•The villain — struggles against the hero.
•The donor — prepares the hero or gives the hero some magical object.
•The (magical) helper — helps the hero in the quest.
•The princess and her father — gives the task to the hero, identifies the false hero, marries the hero, often sought for during the narrative. Propp noted that functionally, the princess and the father can not be clearly distinguished.
•The dispatcher — character who makes the lack known and sends the hero off.
•The hero or victim/seeker hero — reacts to the donor, weds the princess.
•[False hero] — takes credit for the hero’s actions or tries to marry the princess.
Editing
•Editing is a post-production technique in which the footage shot during production is cut up and reassembled in such a way as to tell the story.
•TV shows are not filmed in chronological order.•They are filmed out of order in short sequences, called ‘takes’, which then have to be assembled in the correct order.
•Long Takes: takes of an unusually long length.•Short Takes: takes that only last for a few seconds.•
•There are two basic types of editing:
1.Continuity and…
2.Non-Continuity.
Continuity-
•Establishing/Re-establishing Shot
•Transitions.
•The 180° Line Rule.
•Action Match.
•Crosscutting.
•Cutaway.
•Insert Shots.
•Shot-Reverse Shot Structures.
•Eyeline Match.
The structure of the classic narrative system
•According to Pam Cook (1985), the standard Hollywood narrative structure should have:• Linearity of cause and effect within an overall trajectory of enigma resolution.•A high degree of narrative closure.•A fictional world that contains verisimilitude especially governed by spatial and temporal coherence.
•Tzvetan Todorov (1977) is a Bulgarian structural linguist. He was interested in the way language is ordered to infer particular meanings and has been very influential in the field of narrative theory.
•Claude Lèvi-Strauss’ (1958) ideas about narrative amount to the fact that he believed all stories operated to certain clear Binary Opposites e.g. good vs. evil, black vs. white, rich vs. poor etc.
•Barthes (1977) suggested that narrative works with five different codes and the enigma code works to keep up setting problems or puzzles for the audience. His action code (a look, significant word, movement) is based on our cultural and stereotypical understanding of actions that act as a shorthand to advancing the narrative.
•Adrian Tilley (1991) used the buckling of the gun belt in the Western genre as a means of signifying the preferred reading of an imminent shoot out, and this works in the same way as the starting of a car engine etc.
4.Graphic Match.
Mise en scene
•Mise-en-scène constitutes the key aspect of the pre-production phase of the film and can be taken to include all aspects of production design and Cinematography.
•Mise-en-Scene creates the diegetic world/diegesis - the fictional space and time implied by the narrative, i.e. the world in which the story takes place.1.Location - settings, set-design and iconography
2.Character – Costume, Properties and Make Up, Actors and Gesture
3.Cinematography - Lighting and Colour
4.Layout and Page Design – colour, juxtaposition of elements.
Camerawork
•There are Four aspects to camerawork that you need to understand:
1.Shot Types – particularly relevant for print.2.Camera Composition
3.Camera Movement4.Camera Angles
•Link to Propp (1928)•The villain — struggles against the hero.
•The donor — prepares the hero or gives the hero some magical object.
•The (magical) helper — helps the hero in the quest.
•The princess and her father — gives the task to the hero, identifies the false hero, marries the hero, often sought for during the narrative. Propp noted that functionally, the princess and the father can not be clearly distinguished.
•The dispatcher — character who makes the lack known and sends the hero off.
•The hero or victim/seeker hero — reacts to the donor, weds the princess.
•[False hero] — takes credit for the hero’s actions or tries to marry the princess.
Editing
•Editing is a post-production technique in which the footage shot during production is cut up and reassembled in such a way as to tell the story.
•TV shows are not filmed in chronological order.•They are filmed out of order in short sequences, called ‘takes’, which then have to be assembled in the correct order.
•Long Takes: takes of an unusually long length.•Short Takes: takes that only last for a few seconds.•
•There are two basic types of editing:
1.Continuity and…
2.Non-Continuity.
Continuity-
•Establishing/Re-establishing Shot
•Transitions.
•The 180° Line Rule.
•Action Match.
•Crosscutting.
•Cutaway.
•Insert Shots.
•Shot-Reverse Shot Structures.
•Eyeline Match.
The structure of the classic narrative system
•According to Pam Cook (1985), the standard Hollywood narrative structure should have:• Linearity of cause and effect within an overall trajectory of enigma resolution.•A high degree of narrative closure.•A fictional world that contains verisimilitude especially governed by spatial and temporal coherence.
•Tzvetan Todorov (1977) is a Bulgarian structural linguist. He was interested in the way language is ordered to infer particular meanings and has been very influential in the field of narrative theory.
•Claude Lèvi-Strauss’ (1958) ideas about narrative amount to the fact that he believed all stories operated to certain clear Binary Opposites e.g. good vs. evil, black vs. white, rich vs. poor etc.
•Barthes (1977) suggested that narrative works with five different codes and the enigma code works to keep up setting problems or puzzles for the audience. His action code (a look, significant word, movement) is based on our cultural and stereotypical understanding of actions that act as a shorthand to advancing the narrative.
•Adrian Tilley (1991) used the buckling of the gun belt in the Western genre as a means of signifying the preferred reading of an imminent shoot out, and this works in the same way as the starting of a car engine etc.
Non- continuity-
1.Montage Sequence.
2.Flash Back/Forward.
3.Ellipsis.
4.Graphic Match.
Sound
•Sound is layered on tracks in order to create meaning. On Premiere you used multiple audio tracks (one for dialogue and music). You can have sound bridges and sound motifs to enhance meaning.
•There are 2 types of sound:
•Diegetic
•Non-diegetic sound
•Sound is layered on tracks in order to create meaning. On Premiere you used multiple audio tracks (one for dialogue and music). You can have sound bridges and sound motifs to enhance meaning.
•There are 2 types of sound:
•Diegetic
•Non-diegetic sound
•Diegetic
Sound, which refers to sound whose origin
is to be located in the story world such as the voices of the actors, sound
effects etc.
1.Dialogue
2.Sound Effects and in some cases…
3.Music
•Non-diegetic Sound, which refers to sounds not explained in terms of any perceived source within the story world, such as mood music, or ‘voice-of-God’ type commentaries.
•Music added to enhance the show’s action is the most common form of non-diegetic sound.
1.Incidental Music
2.Voice Over/Narration
3.Non-diegetic sound effects (which can be asynchronous)
1.Dialogue
2.Sound Effects and in some cases…
3.Music
•Non-diegetic Sound, which refers to sounds not explained in terms of any perceived source within the story world, such as mood music, or ‘voice-of-God’ type commentaries.
•Music added to enhance the show’s action is the most common form of non-diegetic sound.
1.Incidental Music
2.Voice Over/Narration
3.Non-diegetic sound effects (which can be asynchronous)
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